How Knowledge Helps
Indeed, we have already seen some such attempts, albeit unsuccessful ones. For occasion, the causal concept of knowledge includes a clause requiring that the belief that p be caused by the truth that p. This condition entails each perception and fact, and so is not vulnerable to Zagzebski’s recipe. (As we’ve seen, it falls to Gettier-style instances on other grounds.) One family of strategies along these lines would build into an evaluation of information a prohibition on epistemic luck directly; allow us to contemplate this sort of move in more detail. Knowledge is a familiarity, consciousness, or understanding of someone or something, corresponding to details, info, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through expertise or education by perceiving, discovering, or studying. Some methods of generating data, such as trial and error, or studying from experience, are most likely to create extremely situational data. Situational information is commonly embedded in language, tradit